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A physical experience of phase shift is being in a motor vehicle that is accelerating or breaking, being thrust forward or backward.ġ2dB/octave A 3-way passive crossover provides effective management of speakers. The phase shifting of the signal at the crossover point has to be compensated by reversing connections to one of the speakers or by other means. The Reactance XL and XC, reduces power by shifting the phase, between Volts and Amperes (of the signal) in opposite directions. This Reactance changes x 2 or 1/2 for each double of half the frequency (6dB/octave). The Impedance of L and C (expressed as resistance they represent) at any one frequency, is called Reactance, symbolised by the letter X.
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C Capacitor ( μF micro-Farad) approaches being an open circuit at low frequencies and a short circuit at high frequencies. L Inductor ( mH milli-Henry) approaches being a short circuit at low frequencies and an open circuit at high frequencies. How does a 3 - way passive crossover work? The resistors should be as higher power rating as possible. An L-pad adjusted to attenuate power by -3dB, will allow 1/2 power to the speaker and the other 1/2 power as heat in the L-pad resistors. A Capacitor and Inductor shifts phase 90deg to the speakers in opposite directions. L Inductor mH (a coil of wire) limits high frequencies going to the woofer.Ĭ Capacitor μF (like a small instant re-chargeable battery) limits low frequencies to the tweeter.Ī single Capacitor and Inductor (6dB/octave) are used for cheap 2-way speaker systems but does not give sufficient control to accurately manage quality speakers. Passive crossovers are effective but not accurate, requiring energy from the amplifier to function (insertion loss) they reduce efficiency of the speaker system and contribute distortion especially at high power. The capacitor and inductor can be in simple or complex arrangements. These components separate the frequencies so bass goes to the woofer and high frequencies to the tweeter.
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Passive refers to the components (inductor and capacitor) between the amplifier and speakers. Speaker systems of woofer, mid and tweeter driven by one amplifier are called passive. To make a 3-way passive system into a 4-way, the bass (sub-bass) should be active (driven by a separate amplifier). It is possible, but not practical to make a 4-way passive crossover system.
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For home use, a 3-way passive speaker system is cost effective and adequate for most people.
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